讀英文,誰的說法算數?

一般人英文有問題,除了在辭典裡找答案之外,找母語人士直接問也是一個主流的求助方式。辭典有語料庫當參考,有編輯群的把關;母語人士在母語的環境裡生活、成長、受教育。然而這兩者之間有何差別呢?

在思考這個問題時,先確認一個共識:母語人士的直覺比我們自己的直覺要準確。所以,我們只有被動接受答案,自己的觀察似乎也只能等待被修正。

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (OALD), 7th edition 在今年初出版了,該辭典的主編 (Chief Editor) Sally Wehmeier 已經有十八年的辭典編輯經驗,OALD 從第四版開始, Sally 就是編輯人員。如果以她對語言的觀察來看,應該比我們身旁隨便遇到的母語人士更具參考價值吧?

七○年代, Sally 在德國法蘭克福的 Gymnasium 學校教英文,時間長達八年。就如台灣的學生一樣,看到母語人士就好比看到問題的答案。德國學生自然也不會放過這位母語人士,隨時找到機會就要問英文。 Sally 於是有感而發寫出了底下這樣的話:

As the only native speaker of English in my German school I was always being asked what words meant, or to give examples of how a particular word or phrase was typically used. I always dreaded the questions from other teachers that started: ‘Sally, can you say…?’, especially as the time answering them used to eat into my coffee breaks. The difficulty then was that I didn’t usually have enough time to think about my answers. I only had my own intuition about a word’s meaning or use to go on, and the truth was I often wasn’t sure if you could say something or not. It’s just not true that native speakers of a language instinctively know if something is right or not.

這裡有個重點是,母語人士可以直覺知道某些語言的是與非,這並不是事實。所以她們在編輯辭典的時候,就不能靠自己的直覺蠻幹,即便是經驗豐富的英語老師。那麼辭典如何編輯出來的呢?又有底下這段話可以參考:

Dictionary writers today don’t have the same problem – they have huge electronic databases with many millions of words in them, that they can consult to see how many different speakers have used a word in a whole range of situations.
S
ally 完整的談話請參考這裡。 許多人剛開始看到我凡事以辭典為師的做法,覺得不解,甚至有「走火入魔」、「讀死書」的批評出現。我們如果能夠虛心認識個人在直覺上的侷限與非專業,就不 會處處要把自己的直覺拿出來炫耀。如果知道辭典是這樣編輯出來的,還會對辭典摘錄下來的證據嗤之以鼻嗎?同時也誠懇給大家一個建議,別再告訴我,這個問題我問過某某母語人士,他的答案是…

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3 Responses to 讀英文,誰的說法算數?

  1. Aster says:

    i agree with you on that issue

  2. Sylvia says:

    Good comment…
    The fact is funny..

  3. Ray says:

    It is worth mentioning that linguists of different orientations often do not agree on this issue.

    It seems to me that Sally Wehmeier is a corpus linguist, who naturally puts a great deal of emphasis on actual language data while rejecting the validity of native-speaker judgments. One question rears its ugly head here: aren’t the sources of the actual data native speakers who often produce language specimens with the help of their intuition? (This is particularly true in a corpus of spoken English.) If so, judgment is not so unreliable, especially when it is quite uniform from one speaker to another.

    On the other hand, generative linguists are not so hostile to judgments tapped from

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